George Henry Grundy and his
PHOTO-DECORATED TILES

g h grundy g h grundy

George Henry Grundy was born 19 November 1862 into a relatively wealthy Derby family. His father, John Grundy, a provisions dealer, was later to become a senior Alderman of the town.
George Henry was brought up and educated in Derby. Even though the family was well off, he was made to help his father in the family business most evenings and weekends. Helping his father run the business at 27, Duffield Road, Derby gave him a good grounding for commercial enterprise and business life.

At the age of 28, Grundy left the running of the provisions dealership to his father and set about making a living for himself. He had become interested in photography and in printing. By 1891 Grundy was established as a PROCESS-PRINTER. This particular method is now commonly known as lithographic printing.

In 1893 he teamed up with an old school friend, George Arthur Lingard at 56, Stockbrook Road, Derby. Lingard was already established as a collotype printer. Their partnership produced a successful business in printing and photo-engraving.
They worked from the Grundy family home for over a year producing prints and photo-engraved plates. Grundy and Lingard enjoyed a sound business, selling their goods and services through various magazines and local outlets.

Grundy's mother helped finance a prestigious business outlet for her son, when in January 1895 she secured a lease on No.2 The Strand Arcade, Derby. Grundy and Lingard used the shop in this newly opened arcade for over two years. Initially they sold only prints and printing services.
At about the time they took on the shop, Grundy began to experiment with the application of photographic images on to pottery.

Other firms had successfully fired a photographic image onto ceramics. Due to a high failure rate and the long, skilled man-hours needed to produce each article, this type of decoration was never a commercial proposition. Amongst the British firms to apply photographs to ceramics were Maw & Co., Josiah Wedgwood & Sons, and Mintons. Prior to Grundys' patented method all the firms used either 'DUSTING ON', 'SUBSTITUTION' or 'AUTOTYPE' methods, each an expensive and laborious process resulting in highly priced finished items.

22nd April 1873 saw patent No.1449 granted to Jonathan Edwin Billups and Edwin Palmer Lee of Cardiff for "Improvements in Producing permanent colored and other photographic pictures, delineations, or devices on porcelain and other fictile ware."

Also in 1873 but on 12th June, patent No.2079 was granted to Leon Freret of Princes Street, Barbican, London from a communication to him from Paul Marney Godard of 62, Rue Triquetonne, Paris. These letters patent announced "An improved method of producing and re-producing drawings, devices, and designs on porcelain, delph-ware and such like materials."

The methods described in both the patents are very vague and contain very little detail of exactly how they achieved full continuous tone shading which would survive a kiln firing. It is thus a strong possibility that their respective 'patent' methods were little more than brave 'tongue in cheek' attempts to protect processes which were far from successful in their results.

When Grundy and Lingard were established in the Strand Arcade, they began experimenting with ceramics and photographic decoration. The summer of 1895 saw the first tiles decorated with photographic images. These were tentatively offered for sale in their shop. They sold well, and gradually the quality and variety of tiles offered increased.

Grundy and Lingard applied for letters patent, to protect their photo-decorating methods on 24 February 1896. By 20th February the following year they were accepted. They 'declared' that the nature of their 'invention' was for "The decoration of tiles, and other flat surfaced articles of ceramic ware, and consists in a direct mode of printing by the photo-collographic process without the use of transfers."


The full specification can be found in the patent letters No.4093 of 1896. A brief summary of their methods can be found in line 5 to line 21 of the patent.
Quote:
The object of our invention is to produce a cheap and high class decoration of tiles, plates and other articles of ceramic ware by the aid of the photo-collographic process, and our said invention is carried into effect as follows.

Upon a sheet of pure india rubber or other flexible support is spread a coating of bichromatized gelatine, this is dried in an ordinary collotype oven and then exposed to light under a photographic negative, and washed and dried.

When the collographic plate is to be printed, it is moistened with a solution of glycerine and water in the usual way and then rolled up with an ink composed of vitrifiable colour, fat oil, linseed oil and collotype varnish, until the picture is visible. The collographic plate is then placed in a press with the tile or other article of ceramic ware in contact and an impression taken upon the latter. The tile or other article is then dried in the 'hardening-on' kiln and afterwards dipped in the glaze and fired, the picture is then finished and is absolutely permanent.

The picture produced by this method is sufficiently strong to obviate the necessity for hand painting or working up by hand in any way, and, this method of photographic decoration is much less costly than the 'dusting on' or 'substitution' processes now practised".

Unquote.
The Pottery Gazette of lst October 1896 carried an advertisement for G.H.Grundy and his photo-decorated tiles. The same edition also featured the work of Grundy in an article on tile-works.
Quote:
"Mr G H Grundy, Duffield Road, Derby has a decided novelty (which he is now producing under provisional protection) in the shape of Photo-decorated Tiles, Mr Grundy informs us that the result he has arrived at in this new departure in tile decoration, was only attained after many months of experiment and a large expenditure of money. Instead of the usual ideal landscape, and copperplate prints of geometric designs, the decoration of these tiles consists of actual photographs of well known views, places of resort, portraits of celebrities or, in fact, of anything else that can be photographed.

It is thus apparent that there cannot be any limit to the subjects of decoration. The pictures are printed on the tiles in ceramic colours and being fired under the glaze they make the most imperishable photographic records known. The tiles are in two colours, white and cream and the subjects are printed from the photographs in black, red, sepia, &c., as may be desired. We have seen a good representation of 'Haddon Hall' on a tile. The process in that instance has given most satisfactory results.

Something like fifty different subjects are already printed, and in stock, on six inch tiles, and no doubt other subjects will be added constantly. Amongst the subjects that can now be supplied are photographs of the following well known and interesting places, vis.,

Whippingham Church
St.Georges Chapel Windsor
The Albert Memorial London
The Aquarium Brighton
The West Pier Brighton
The Castle Hastings
The Forth Bridge
The High Tor Matlock
The Sands at Ramsgate
and other places of popular resort

Unquote.

Following the success of the Photo-Decorated Tiles, Grundy sold his patent to a small glass works called "Royal Castle Flint Glassworks". They continued the work of Grundy and Lingard in a small corner of the works on Scropton Lane, Hatton, Derbyshire. An advertising tile shows a view of the whole glassworks and as far as I can determine tiles were produced there until about 1902.

(Other advertisements have been found in the Pottery Gazette, 1st December 1896 and 1st November 1897.)

George Henry Grundy continued to follow his interest in photography but changed his business into producing Artificial Manure with a Mr W.Innes. This may have been the birth of our modern day 'Innes Potting Composts'. I have not followed up this line of research.
The whole Grundy family left Derby in about 1907 to open the second Moving Picture Theatre in Liverpool. They returned to Derby after the First World War. George Henry lived at 1 Bold Lane Derby and ran a Theatrical and Toy shop from the premises.

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Last update 12 November 1997.